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Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686â€“1736), who proposed it in 1724. more...

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In this scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (written "32 Â°F"), and the boiling point is 212 degrees, placing the boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180 degrees apart. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water are exactly 100 degrees apart, thus the unit of this scale, a degree Fahrenheit, is ⁵â„₉ of a degree Celsius. Negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit (-40 Â°F) is equal to negative 40 degrees Celsius (-40 Â°C).

Absolute zero is at âˆ’459.67Â°F. The Rankine Temperature Scale was invented to use degrees the same size as Fahrenheit degrees, and so that at 0R would be absolute zero. Thus, 459.67Â°R is the same as 0Â°F.

History

There are several competing versions of the story of how Fahrenheit came to devise his temperature scale. One states that Fahrenheit established the zero (0 Â°F) and 100 Â°F points on his scale by recording the lowest outdoor temperatures he could measure, and his own body temperature. He took as his zero point the lowest temperature which he measured in the harsh winter of 1708 through to 1709 in his hometown of Danzig (now GdaÅ„sk, Poland) (âˆ’17.8 Â°C). (He was later able to reach this temperature under laboratory conditions using a mixture of ice, ammonium chloride and water.)

Fahrenheit wanted to avoid the negative temperatures that the RÃ¸mer scale had produced in everyday use. He fixed his own body temperature as 100 Â°F (normal body temperature is closer to 98.6 Â°F, suggesting that Fahrenheit was suffering a fever when he conducted his experiments, or that his thermometer was inaccurate, or lastly it is believed that he may have used a cow's temperature instead of his own), and divided his original scale into twelve divisions; later dividing each of these into 8 equal subdivisions produced a scale of 96 degrees. Fahrenheit noted that his scale placed the freezing point of water at 32 Â°F and the boiling point at 212 Â°F, a neat 180 degrees apart.

Another story holds that Fahrenheit established the zero of his scale (0 Â°F) as the temperature at which an equal mixture of ice and salt melts (some say he took that fixed mixture of ice and salt that produced the lowest temperature); and ninety-six degrees as the temperature of blood (he initially used horse blood to calibrate his scale). Initially, his scale only contained 12 equal subdivisions, but later he subdivided each division into 8 equal degrees ending up with 96.

A third well-known version of the story, as described in the popular physics television series The Mechanical Universe, holds that Fahrenheit simply adopted RÃ¸mer's scale, at which water freezes at 7.5 degrees, and multiplied each value by 4 in order to eliminate the fractions and increase the granularity of the scale (giving 30 and 240 degrees). He then re-calibrated his scale between the melting point of water and normal human body temperature (which he took to be 96 degrees); the melting point of ice was adjusted to 32 degrees so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power).