Statue of Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture

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Goddess

A goddess is a female deity, in contrast with a male deity known as a "god". Many cultures have goddesses, sometimes alone, but more often as part of a larger pantheon that includes both the conventional genders and in some cases even hermaphrodite deities. more...

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As the concept of monotheism and polytheism is relativistic, so the related concepts of god and goddess can be culturally misunderstood. The concept of gender as applied to a god and goddess, may connote deeper tendencies of patriarchy and matriarchy, which may to have equivalence to the rift between monotheism and polytheism. The goddess concept is advocated by modern matriarchists and pantheists as a female version of or analogue to god (i.e., the Abrahamic god), who in feminist and other circles is perceived as being rooted in the patriarchal concept of dominance â€” to the exclusion of feminine concepts. The feminine-masculine relationship between deifications is sometimes rooted in the monism, ("One-ism") rather than through a definitive and rigid concept of monotheism versus polytheism, wherein the goddess and god are seen as the genders of one transcendental monad.

Ancient Near East

Egypt

Isis; Bast; Sekhmet; Hathor; Nephthys; Wadjet; Mut; Nut; Neith; Tawret;

Mesopotamia

Ninhursag; Tiamat; Ishtar; Ningal;

Arabia

Before , arrived in the 7th century C.E., Arabia was governed by queens, matriarchal for over a thousand years of recorded history. "The land's original Allah was Al-lat, part of the female trinity along with Kore or Q're, the Virgin and Al-Uzza, the Powerful One, the triad known as Manat, the Threefold Moon." (p. 51, "Women's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets" by Barbara G. Walker)

Proto-Indo-European religion

Dharmic religions

Hinduism

The Hinduism is a complex of various belief systems that sees many gods and goddesses as being representative of and/or emanative from a single source, Brahman, understood either as a formless, infinite, impersonal monad in the Advaita tradition or as a dual God in the form of Lakshmi-Vishnu, Radha-Krishna, Devi-Shiva in Dvaita traditions. Shaktas, worshippers of the Goddess, equate this God with Devi, the mother goddess. Such aspects of One God as male God (Shaktiman) and female energy (Shakti), working as a pair are often envisioned as male gods and their wives or consorts and provide many analogues between passive male ground and dynamic female energy. For example, Brahma pairs with Sarasvati. Shiva likewise pairs with Uma who later is represented through a number of avatars (incarnations): Parvati and the warrior figures, Durga and Kali. All goddesses in Hinduism are sometimes grouped together as the great goddess, Devi. A further step was taken by the idea of the Shaktis. Their ideology based mainly on tantras sees Shakti as the principle of energy through which all divinity functions, thus showing the masculine to be dependent on the feminine. Indeed, in the great shakta scripture known as the Devi Mahatmya, all the goddesses are shown to be aspects of one presiding female force, one in truth and many in expression, giving the world and the cosmos the galvanic energy for motion. It is expressed through both philosophical tracts and metaphor that the potentiality of masculine being is given actuation by the feminine divine. Local deities of different village regions in India were often identified with "mainstream" Hindu deities, a process that has been called "Sanskritization". Others attribute it to the influence of monism or Advaita which discounts polytheist or monotheist categorization.